Development of Law of the Sea The history and development of the Law of the Sea, Grotius, Seldon – mare clausum, mare libere. Codification of maritime law in UNCLOS III 1982. Ireland’s role in UNCLOS I, II and III. Legal division of seas into maritime zones per UNCLOS III – Baselines, Internal Waters, Territorial Seas, Contiguous Zones, Exclusive Economic Zone, High Seas, The Area, Continental Shelf. Maritime zones as areas of national and international jurisdiction – jurisdiction in national and international law. Jurisdictional disputes at sea. Conflicting territorial claims between countries - Case study: Rockall. Expansion of national maritime claims - Case study: ‘The real map of Ireland’ - Ireland’s Increased maritime limits per Art 76 UNCLOS. The IMO and the UN's role in the development and ongoing codification of maritime law - SOLAS, UNCLOS.

Interception/Interdiction Operations UNCLOS provisions on maritime law enforcement, the importance of the legal definition of ‘warship’ in law of the sea. International treaty law amending maritime law enforcement. Right of ‘Approach and Visit’; ‘Hot Pursuit’, Consensual/non-consensual boardings and related concepts in terms of jurisdiction and maritime zones in domestic and international law. Case study: ITLOS MV Saiga; INS and ANS ‘Hot Pursuit’ operations highlighting the importance of correct legal procedures being followed. Piracy and the Slave Trade/People Trafficking in terms of international law. Case study: ‘Operation Atalanta’, international piracy and slave trade incidents, highlighting legal aspects. Impact of ECHR on detention operations and pirates, non refoulement. Narcotic interdiction – UNCLOS, The Vienna Convention and related national legislation including the Criminal Justice Act 1994 (as amended), the role of the JTF on narcotics, powers of enforcement for the Garda Siochana, C&E and the Naval Service. The legislative approaches by the different agencies. Case studies: Brime, Lucky Day, Dances with Waves - NS drugs interdiction operations, highlighting the importance of the correct legal procedures being followed.

Warships and innocent and transit passage, area of naval operations and navigational rights. General principles of the law of naval warfare - Law of Armed Conflict, the Hague Conventions, the Geneva Conventions. Rules of Engagement: prohibitive and permissive, maritime exclusion zones. Case Study: Rules of Engagement in the Falklands War, USS Vincennes and USS Cole. Specially protected enemy vessels and aircraft, means and methods of naval warfare, economic warfare at sea.

UNCLOS provisions on safety at sea, force majeure ports of refuge. Analysis of the MARPOL regulations, pollution control at sea. Case Study: Braer, Erika, Prestige. Introduction to law of maritime salvage, Lloyds’ Open Forms, contractual/non-contractual salvage. Ports of Refuge, impact of domestic vs. international law. Case Study: A.C.T. Shipping, Irish High Court. The role of the IMO and EU, Bonn Agreement. SAR at sea, The Irish Maritime Safety Act. The Irish Coast Guard role in SAR, Irish Maritime SAR zone. SAR NS case studies - Air India. Port Security requirements in the modern era, ISPSS Code, Rome Convention and SUA, PSI. Ship security requirements in the modern era – Irish Maritime Security Act. Security categories and actions in emergency. Principles of the provision of national security by naval forces.

Jurisdictional limits and zones relevant to fisheries. The Common Fisheries Policy. Legal aspects of inspection and detention procedures. The legal requirements and duties of the Fisheries Monitoring Centre. Harassment incidents at sea.