This section examines the development of modern geopolitics by expanding on the Cold War and the post-Cold War periods. The latter is particularly relevant when dealing with geopolitics as it represents a time when countries' economies and politics increasingly seemed to depend on advantageous alliances to a world economy no longer totally dominated by the previous superpowers, namely the US and the URSS.

This section centres on Europe as a geopolitical system and the factors that have enabled the region to become a full geopolitical partner along the lines of the US. Among these factors, this section centres on the region's utter desire to balance national interests with a unified economic, political and social framework; the dismembering of the Soviet Union, thus freeing Europe's military and political energy; the European corporate and financial sectors as promoters of the global market economy and the decrease of US power in world affairs.

This section delves into how Russia has evolved from a Soviet past of national self-sufficiency to a hybrid political system. It examines Russia's strategic dominance over important parts of its periphery (East and South East Europe, the Trans-Caucasus and Central Asia) and the different factors that have influenced this strategic supremacy; geographical proximity, close lines of transportation and communication, energy wealth and historical and cultural ties.

This section centres on South America as an independent geopolitical region with ties to the US, Europe and the Asian-Pacific Rim. It focuses primarily on Brazil's continental dominance and the factors (geographical, historical and economic) that have contributed to this supremacy. It also centres on the Mercosur states (Brazil, Argentina, Ururguay and Paraguay) and Chile as they have gained considerable measure of geopolitical stability and the case of the four Andean states (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia) and how they have failed to do so.

This section explores China as an indisputable power of East Asia and indeed the world. It examines the factors (external and internal) that have contributed to the emergence of China as a world superpower: its geography; its powerful military machine; the economic and business shift from the north and interior to the coastal region (the so-called "Golden Coast of China"), attracting more foreign investment and trade opportunities and the weakening of US and Russian influence in world affairs.

This section starts by providing historical and geographical background to the multiplicity of national states within the Middle East region. It introduces the different religions, races and ethnicities encompassing the Middle East today and expands further on the factors that prevent this mosaic of cultures from being coherent and peaceful, namely disputes over the scarce commodities of water and land and over oil and natural gas resources. In this competition, Turkey, Egypt, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel are all important power centres and this section examines them and their geopolitical alliances with neighbouring powers and other superpowers, mainly the US, EU, China and India.